The specific impacts of leveling agents on coatings are mainly reflected in the following aspects:

1. Improving Levelling
   Leveling agents reduce the surface tension of coatings, enabling better flow and formation of flat, smooth films after application. They effectively minimize or eliminate common defects such as orange peel, fish eyes, shrinkage holes, pinholes, and Benard cells, thereby enhancing both the decorative and protective functions of the coating.
2. Enhancing Wettability
   By significantly improving the wettability of coatings on substrates, leveling agents ensure better adhesion and reduce film defects caused by uneven surface tension. This improvement in wettability helps the coating spread uniformly and form a smoother surface.
3. Enhancing Coating Appearance
   Leveling agents enhance the gloss and fullness of coatings, resulting in a smoother and more uniform film surface. By reducing surface tension gradients, they prevent uneven textures and improve the visual appeal of the coating.
4. Optimizing Application Performance
   The use of leveling agents improves coating workability, reducing brush marks, roller marks, and other defects during application. They also regulate coating rheology, making the application process easier and more efficient.
5. Improving Coating Performance
   While primarily focused on levelling, leveling agents indirectly enhance adhesion and durability by reducing surface defects, thereby improving the overall performance of the coating.
6. Potential Impact on Coating
   Excessive addition of leveling agents may negatively affect coating properties, such as causing film thinning, sagging, or even reducing stability. Therefore, it is essential to control the dosage according to the coating system and application requirements.

In summary, leveling agents play a significant role in improving coating levelling, wettability, appearance, and application performance. However, proper dosage must be carefully controlled to avoid adverse effects on coating properties.

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